Historical background of multiple intelligence
The concept of multiple intelligence has its roots in the work of developmental psychologist Jean Piaget and cognitive psychologist Lev Vygotsky, who proposed that intelligence is not a fixed, unitary trait but rather a multifaceted construct that can be developed over time. However, it was Howard Gardner, a professor of education at Harvard University, who popularized the idea of multiple intelligence in his 1983 book “Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.”
Jean Piaget Unidentified (Ensian published by University of Michigan), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
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Lev Vygotsky See page for author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Gardner argued that traditional intelligence tests, which measure verbal and logical abilities, do not capture the full range of human intelligence. He proposed that there are at least eight distinct types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Gardner later added a ninth type of intelligence, existential, which pertains to philosophical and spiritual matters.
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence challenged the idea of a single, unitary intelligence and opened up new avenues for understanding and developing individual strengths. It has since been widely embraced in the fields of education, psychology, and human development, and has had a significant impact on teaching and learning practices.